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Ingabe insimbi engagqwali ayinamanzi?
Amanzi angamandla emvelo anamandla, akwazi ukugqokisa izintaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke kungokwemvelo ukuzibuza ukuthi insimbi engagqwali, into edumile ezimbonini eziningi, ingamelana namanzi.
Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, ake sicabangele indaba ye-Titanic. Naphezu kokwaziwa “njengengacwiliki,” i-Titanic yahlangabezana nesiphetho sayo esibuhlungu ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuvimbela amanzi okufanele. Kodwa ingabe umphumela wawuyoba ohlukile ukube kwakusetshenziswe insimbi engagqwali ekwakhiweni komkhumbi?
Impendulo mhlawumbe yebo yaleyo nsimbi engagqwali ayinamanzi. Kuyingxube yensimbi engagqwali ekwazi ukumelana nokuchayeka emanzini nolunye uketshezi ngaphandle kokugqwala noma ukugqwala. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi insimbi engagqwali ingase ibe lula ekungcoleni noma ekushintsheni kombala ezindaweni ezithile noma uma ichayeke kumakhemikhali anonya isikhathi eside.
Ake sihlole izici zensimbi engagqwali kanye nekhono layo lokumelana namanzi.
Okuqukethwe
Insimbi engagqwali iyingxubevange yensimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuhlala kwayo okukhethekile, ukumelana nokugqwala, namandla. Izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele ziyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa, ukukhiqiza, nezokuthutha. Nokho, umbuzo owodwa ovame ukuvela ukuthi insimbi engagqwali ayinamanzi yini.
Ukumelana namanzi kwensimbi engagqwali kuyisici esibalulekile okufanele sicatshangelwe ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene lapho ukuchayeka kumswakama kuvame. Ikhono lensimbi engagqwali ukumelana nokungena kwamanzi libalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila kwayo isikhathi eside, ukunciphisa izindleko zokuyilungisa, kanye nokuvimbela umonakalo ongase ube khona noma ukwehluleka kwezinto zokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukumelana kwamanzi kwensimbi engagqwali kubalulekile konjiniyela, abakhiqizi, nabaklami.
Insimbi engagqwali iyingxubevange eyakhiwe ngensimbi, ikhabhoni, kanye ne-chromium okungenani engu-10.5%. Ukwengezwa kwe-chromium kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo, kuyenze imelane nokugqwala kanye namabala. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi engagqwali, ezihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwazo, i-microstructure, kanye nezakhiwo.
Inhloso yalesi sihloko ukuhlola ukumelana kwamanzi kwensimbi engagqwali kanye nezakhiwo zayo. Sizohlola incazelo yokumelana namanzi kanye nokungangeni kwamanzi, izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali, umphumela wokuqedwa kwendawo ekuphikisweni kwamanzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali ezindaweni ezimanzi. Ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko, abafundi bazokwazi ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi insimbi engagqwali ayinawo yini amanzi kanye nokufaneleka kwayo ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimanzi.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali badlala indima ebalulekile ekunikezeni izinto zensimbi engagqwali zekhwalithi ephezulu ezisetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizoxoxa ngokumelana kwamanzi kwensimbi engagqwali kanye nezakhiwo zayo ngokuningiliziwe.
II. Ukumelana namanzi vs. Ukungangeni manzi
Ukumelana namanzi kusho ikhono lempahla ukumelana nokungena kwamanzi ngezinga elithile, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele. Ukungangeni kwamanzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekisela ekuphikisweni okuphelele kwento ekungeneni kwamanzi.
Izibonelo zezinto ezingangeni manzi zifaka irabha, i-Gore-Tex, ne-polyurethane. Lezi zinto zivame ukusetshenziswa kumagiya angaphandle njengamabhantshi, amabhuzu, namatende ukugcina umuntu ogqokile noma okuqukethwe komile.
A. Incazelo yokumelana kwamanzi ensimbi engagqwali
Insimbi engagqwali ayinamanzi ngokuphelele, kodwa imelana kakhulu nokungena kwamanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yokwakheka kwayo okuyingqayizivele, okuhlanganisa okungenani i-chromium engu-10.5%. I-chromium esensimbini engagqwali ihlangana nomoya-mpilo emoyeni ukuze yakhe ungqimba oluncane, olungabonakali lwe-chromium oxide ebusweni bensimbi. Lolu ungqimba lusebenza njengesithiyo, luvikela insimbi engaphansi ekugqwaleni nasekungeneni kwamanzi.
Insimbi engagqwali ingenziwa ukuthi imelane namanzi nakakhulu ngokusebenzisa imiphetho ethile engaphezulu, njenge-electropolishing noma i-passivation. Lezi ziqephu zakha ungqimba oluvikela nakakhulu lwe-chromium oxide ebusweni bensimbi.
Insimbi engagqwali iyinto edumile ukuthi isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezimanzi, njengasolwandle noma ekucutshungulweni kokudla, ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okuphezulu kwamanzi. Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali bavame ukukhangisa imikhiqizo yabo njengengangeni manzi noma engangeni manzi, kuye ngokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani kanye nezinga lokuvikela elidingekayo.
Sekukonke, ngenkathi insimbi engagqwali ingavimbeli amanzi ngokuphelele, ikwazi ukumelana namanzi futhi ingenziwa ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngokuqedwa kwendawo ethile. Ukwakheka kwayo okuyingqayizivele kanye nongqimba oluvikelayo lwe-chromium oxide kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okudumile ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimanzi lapho ukumelana kwamanzi kubalulekile.
III. Ukwakhiwa Kwensimbi Engagqwali
A. Ukwakheka kwensimbi engagqwali
Insimbi engagqwali iyingxubevange eyakhiwe ngensimbi, ikhabhoni, nezinye izakhi ezifana ne-chromium, i-nickel, ne-molybdenum. Inani lalezi zakhi kanye nokwakheka okuqondile kunquma izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali, kuhlanganise nokumelana kwamanzi. Amamaki ahlukene ensimbi engagqwali anezingoma ezihlukene, okuwenza afanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene.
Enye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu zensimbi engagqwali ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwe-chromium ku-alloy, ehlangana nomoya-mpilo ukuze yakhe ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide ebusweni bensimbi.
Lolu ngqimba lwe-oxide, olwaziwa nangokuthi ungqimba lwe-passive, luvikela insimbi ekugxumeni okuqhubekayo futhi luthuthukise ukumelana kwayo namanzi.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwazini kwayo ukumelana namanzi. Njengoba insimbi engagqwali imelana kakhulu nokugqwala, mancane amathuba okuthi igle noma yonakale lapho ichayeke emanzini noma kwezinye izinto eziwuketshezi. Lokhu kuyenza ibe into efanele izicelo ezidinga ukumelana namanzi okuphezulu, njengasezindaweni zasolwandle, izindawo zokuhlanza amanzi, nezindawo zokucubungula ukudla.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali banikela ngebanga lamabanga ensimbi engagqwali evikela ukugqwala, okuhlanganisa amamaki e-austenitic, ferritic, kanye ne-martensitic. Lawa mabanga anamazinga ahlukahlukene okumelana nokugqwala kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, okuwenza afanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile.
Ngaphezu kokumelana nokugqwala kwayo, insimbi engagqwali inezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezifaka isandla ekubambiseni kwayo amanzi. Inamandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina, okwenza imelane nomthelela kanye nokuguqulwa. Iphinde imelane nokushisa nomlilo, okuyenza ifaneleke ekufakweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Lezi zakhiwo zenza insimbi engagqwali ibe yinto eguquguqukayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezidinga ukumelana namanzi.
Sengiphetha, izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwayo nokumelana nokugqwala, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekumelaneni kwayo namanzi. Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali banikela ngebanga lamabanga kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo okuthuthukisa ukumelana kwayo namanzi, okuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene ezindaweni ezimanzi. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali kubalulekile lapho ukhetha izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezidinga ukumelana namanzi aphezulu.
IV. Umthelela wokuqedwa kwendawo ekuphikisweni kwamanzi
Insimbi engagqwali itholakala ezindaweni ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa ukupholishwa, okubhrashiwe, okucwebezelayo, okuqhunyiswe ngobuhlalu, nokuqedwa kwephethini.
Isiphetho ngasinye sinokubukeka okuhlukile kanye nokuthungwa futhi kulungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene.
Ukuqedwa okungaphezulu kwensimbi engagqwali kudlala indima ebalulekile ezicini zayo zokumelana namanzi. Ukuqedwa kwendawo okubushelelezi kuzonikeza ukumelana kwamanzi okungcono kunemaholoholo, njengoba kunciphisa indawo engaphezulu lapho amanzi ekwazi ukunqwabelana futhi kulimaze insimbi engagqwali. Ukugqwala kwe-pitting kungenzeka endaweni yensimbi engagqwali enomkhawulo oqinile, okubangele imifantu nemifantu ekwazi ukuqoqa amanzi futhi iholele ekuqhubekeni nokugqwala. Ukungcola okungaphezulu kungase futhi kube nomthelela ekuqineni kwamanzi ensimbi engagqwali ngokukhuthaza ukugqwala.
Kunezindlela ezimbalwa abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali abangazisebenzisa ukuze bathuthukise ukumelana kwamanzi ezindaweni zensimbi engagqwali. I-Electropolishing yinqubo eyenza bushelelezi futhi ihlanze ingaphezulu lensimbi engagqwali, inciphise ingozi yokugqwala kwemigodi futhi ithuthukise ukumelana namanzi. I-passivation ingenye inqubo eyenza ungqimba oluvikelayo ebusweni bensimbi engagqwali, ukuvimbela ukugqwala nokuthuthukisa ukumelana kwamanzi. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nakho kuyatholakala okungathuthukisa ukumelana kwamanzi ezindaweni zensimbi engagqwali ngokususa ukungcola okungaphezulu nokukhuthaza ukumelana nokugqwala.
Sengiphetha, indawo engaphezulu yensimbi engagqwali idlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni zayo ezimelana namanzi. Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali kufanele bacubungule ngokucophelela isiphetho esingaphezulu semikhiqizo yabo ukuze baqinisekise ukumelana namanzi okusetshenziselwe izinto ezihlukahlukene. I-Electropolishing, passivation, kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kuyizindlela ezisebenzayo zokuthuthukisa ukumelana namanzi kwezindawo zensimbi engagqwali.
V. Ukusetshenziswa Kwensimbi Engagqwali Ezindaweni Ezimanzi
A. Izibonelo Zezimboni Ezisebenzisa Insimbi Engagqwali Ezindaweni Ezimanzi
- Imboni Yokudla Neziphuzo:
Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokudla neziphuzo, ikakhulukazi ekucubunguleni nasekupakisheni ukudla neziphuzo. Ikhethwa ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwayo, ukuqina, nokuhlanzeka kalula. - Imboni Yamakhemikhali:
Imboni yamakhemikhali isebenzisa insimbi engagqwali ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali kanye nezindawo ezinokushisa okuphezulu. Isetshenziselwa imishini yokucubungula amakhemikhali, ama-reactors, amathangi okugcina, namapayipi. - Imboni Yasolwandle:
Insimbi engagqwali ijwayele ukusetshenziswa embonini yasolwandle ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi olwandle. Isetshenziselwa izingxenye ezinjengama-propellers, shafts, nama-fasteners.
B. Ukusetshenziswa Okuqondile Kwensimbi Engagqwali Ezindaweni Ezimanzi
- Izindawo Zokuhlanza Amanzi:
Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa ezikhungweni zokwelapha amanzi ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwama-chloride namanye amakhemikhali atholakala emanzini. Isetshenziswa ezintweni ezinjengamapayipi, ama-valve, namathangi. - Amachibi okubhukuda:
Insimbi engagqwali ivamise ukusetshenziswa emachibini okubhukuda ngoba imelana nokugqwala okuvela ku-chlorine namanye amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amanzi. Isetshenziselwa izitebhisi zamachibi, ama-handrails, namabhodi okuntywila. - Izisetshenziswa zezokwelapha:
Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa emishinini yezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka kubaluleke kakhulu, njengamagumbi okuhlinzela namalabhorethri. Isetshenziselwa izinto zokusebenza ezifana nezinsimbi zokuhlinza, amakhabethe okugcina, nosinki.
C. Ukubaluleka Kokumelana Namanzi Kulezi zicelo
ukuqina:
Insimbi engagqwali ukumelana namanzi ibalulekile lapho ukuqina kubalulekile. Ezindaweni ezimanzi, amanzi angasheshisa inqubo yokugqwala futhi anciphise ukuphila kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ukumelana nensimbi engagqwali emanzini kuqinisekisa ukuqina kwayo kulezi zindawo.Ukuphepha:
Ezicelweni ezifana namadamu okubhukuda kanye nezindawo zasolwandle, ukuphepha kubalulekile. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye ngeke zehluleke noma zibe buthaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunciphisa ingozi yezingozi nokulimala.Inhlanzeko:
Ezicelweni ezifana nokucubungula ukudla kanye nemishini yezokwelapha, ukugcina izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka kubalulekile. Indawo yensimbi engagqwali ebushelelezi kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwenza kube lula ukuyihlanza kanye nokubulala amagciwane, kunciphisa ubungozi bokungcola.
Baningi abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali emhlabeni wonke abahlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo namasevisi, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso kanye nokuqeda. Lapho ukhetha umphakeli, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezifana nolwazi lomphakeli, isithunzi, nezinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi. Ukusebenza nomphakeli ohlonishwayo kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi insimbi engagqwali esetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimanzi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo zokuqina, inhlanzeko, nokuphepha.
Nakuba insimbi engagqwali imelana kakhulu namanzi, ayivimbeli amanzi ngokuphelele. Umswakama usengangena endaweni bese udala umonakalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana namanzi kwensimbi engagqwali, kungasetshenziswa ama-surface finishes ahlukahlukene, njenge-electropolishing noma passivation. Izembatho, njengezingubo ze-PVD, zingasetshenziswa futhi ukuthuthukisa ukumelana namanzi kwensimbi engagqwali.
Ukusebenza nomphakeli onolwazi kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi indawo efanelekile yokuqeda noma ukunamathela isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukumelana namanzi kwensimbi engagqwali ezinhlelweni ezithile.
Sekukonke, ukumelana kwamanzi kwensimbi engagqwali kubalulekile emisebenzini eminingi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisendaweni emanzi. Ukusebenza nomphakeli ohlonishwayo nokuqonda ukuqedwa kwendawo efanele kanye nama-coatings kungaqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi engagqwali ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo zokuqina, inhlanzeko, nokuphepha kulezi zindawo.
VI. Isiphetho
Insimbi engagqwali iyimpahla ehlukahlukene enokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokumelana namanzi. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokumelana kwamanzi nokungangeni kwamanzi, njengoba la magama anezincazelo ezahlukene kanye nemithelela yokufaneleka kwezinto endaweni emanzi. Izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali ezinomthelela ekumelaneni kwayo namanzi zihlanganisa ukwakheka kwayo, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa i-chromium ne-nickel, kanye nekhono layo lokwenza ungqimba lwe-oxide ye-passive endaweni evikela ngokuqhubekayo ekugqwaleni. Indawo engaphezulu yensimbi engagqwali nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphikisweni kwayo kwamanzi, ngokuqedwa okuthile okusebenzayo kunezinye.
I-thesis yaleli phepha ukuthi insimbi engagqwali iyinto efanelekile kakhulu ukuthi isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezimanzi ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okungokwemvelo nokumelana nokugqwala. Ngokuqonda izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali, imiphumela yokuqedwa kwendawo phezu kokumelana namanzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwensimbi engagqwali ezindaweni ezimanzi, abaklami nabakhiqizi bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokusebenzisa le nto emikhiqizweni yabo.
Njengoba isidingo semikhiqizo ekwazi ukumelana nokuchayeka emanzini nezinye izinto ezonakalisayo sikhula, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali cishe kuzokwanda nakakhulu. Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali baneqhaza elibalulekile okufanele balibambe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi impahla abayihlinzekayo ingeyekhwalithi ephezulu futhi ihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zamakhasimende abo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaklami nabakhiqizi, badinga ukucabangela ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kwemikhiqizo yabo futhi bakhethe izinga elifanele lensimbi engagqwali, i-surface finish, nezinye izici ukuze baqinisekise ukumelana kwamanzi nokuqina.
Sekukonke, insimbi engagqwali iyinto ebalulekile engasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimanzi, enikeza inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokumelana namanzi, ukumelana nokugqwala, namandla. Ngokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali nokuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwayo, abakhiqizi bangakha imikhiqizo eklanyelwe ukuhlala ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.
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