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Yasungulwa nini insimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali iyinto etholakala yonke indawo emhlabeni wethu wanamuhla, esetshenziswa kukho konke kusukela kumathuluzi okuhlinza kuya kumabhilidi. Kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi le ngxubevange enemisebenzi eminingi yasungulwa nini okokuqala?
Impendulo ingase ikumangaze. Onjiniyela balo mkhumbi basebenzisa uhlobo olusha lwensimbi olumelana kakhulu nokugqwala, okwakuwuvumela ukuba umelane nezimo ezinzima zasolwandle. Babengazi ukuthi le nsimbi izoguqula imboni futhi ibe enye yezinto ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
Ngakho, yasungulwa nini insimbi engagqwali? Ake sihlole umlando othakazelisayo wale nto.
Ubani owasungula insimbi engagqwali?
Ukusungulwa kwensimbi engagqwali kuthiwa kwenziwa uHarry Brearley, i-metallurgist yaseSheffield, eNgilandi. Ngo-1913, wanikezwa umsebenzi wokuthola indlela yokuvimbela imiphongolo yezibhamu ukuthi ingagqwali. Ngemva kokuhlola okubanzi, uBrearley wathola ukuthi ukwengeza i-chromium ensimbi kwakuyenza imelane kakhulu nokugqwala, ngaleyo ndlela kwasungulwa lokho manje esikwazi njengensimbi engagqwali.
Nakuba uBrearley kuthiwa wasungula insimbi engagqwali, kwakungeyena yedwa owayesebenza kule nkinga. Abanye ososayensi abaningana, okuhlanganisa no-Leon Guillet waseFrance, nabo babezama ukungeza i-chromium ensimbi ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ukusungulwa kwensimbi engagqwali kwayishintsha kakhulu imboni futhi kwavula amathuba amasha okukhiqiza. Namuhla, insimbi engagqwali iyimpahla etholakala yonke indawo esetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, kusukela ezintweni zasekhishini kuya kumabhilidi.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali badlala indima ebalulekile embonini, behlinzeka ngezinto ezingavuthiwe kubakhiqizi futhi baqinisekise ukutholakala okuzinzile kwemikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali. Isidingo sensimbi engagqwali siyaqhubeka nokukhula, nesidingo esikhulayo esivela ezimbonini ezifana nezezimoto, i-aerospace, kanye nezokwakha.
Sengiphetha, nakuba kwakukhona ososayensi abaningana ababesebenza enkingeni yensimbi engagqwali, uHarry Brearley uhlonishwa kabanzi ngokusungula insimbi engagqwali. Ukutholakala kwakhe kwavula amathuba amasha okukhiqiza futhi kube nomthelela ohlala njalo embonini nasemphakathini uwonke.
Injani insimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali iwumsebenzi oguquguqukayo futhi osetshenziswa kabanzi owaziwa ngokumelana nokugqwala, ukuqina, namandla. Kuyingxubevange eyenziwe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa insimbi, ikhabhoni, i-chromium, ne-nickel, phakathi kokunye. Ukwakheka okunembayo kwensimbi engagqwali kuyahlukahluka kuye ngebanga elithile, kodwa amamaki avame kakhulu i-austenitic, i-ferritic, ne-martensitic.
Insimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic, okuwuhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu, yakhiwe ngensimbi, ikhabhoni, namazinga aphezulu e-chromium ne-nickel. Amazinga aphezulu e-nickel ne-chromium ayinikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, okuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa imishini yokucubungula ukudla, izisetshenziswa zezokwelapha, nezingxenye zezimoto.
Insimbi engagqwali ye-Ferritic, equkethe amazinga aphansi e-nickel namazinga aphezulu e-chromium kune-austenitic stainless steel, inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kodwa i-ductility ephansi kanye nokuqina. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumasistimu wokukhipha umoya wezimoto nezinto zikagesi.
Insimbi engagqwali ye-Martensitic iqukethe amazinga aphezulu ekhabhoni kune-austenitic nensimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic, eyinikeza ubulukhuni namandla amakhulu. Nokho, inokumelana nokugqwala okuphansi kunezinye izinhlobo ezimbili, okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho amandla ebaluleke kakhulu kunokumelana nokugqwala, njengakumathuluzi okusika nemibese.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zensimbi engagqwali, kukhona nezinsimbi ezingenasici eziphindwe kabili kanye nemvula, ezinezakhiwo nezindlela ezihlukile.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali banikela ngebanga elibanzi lamabanga nezinhlobo zensimbi engagqwali, ngayinye inokwakheka kwayo okukhethekile kanye nezakhiwo. Kubalulekile ukukhetha ibanga elifanele kanye nohlobo lwensimbi engagqwali kuhlelo ngalunye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Yenziwa kanjani insimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali ingxubevange eyenziwe ngensimbi, i-chromium, i-nickel, nezinye izakhi, ezinobuncane obungu-10.5% bokuqukethwe kwe-chromium ngobuningi. Ukwakheka okuqondile kwensimbi engagqwali kungahluka kuye ngebanga elithile kanye nesicelo esihlosiwe.
Insimbi engagqwali ngokuvamile yenziwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuncibilika nokuphonsa. Okokuqala, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, okuhlanganisa izinsimbi ezilahliwe, insimbi yensimbi, i-chromium, i-nickel, nezinye izakhi ze-alloying, zincibilika esithandweni somlilo esikhulu sikagesi. Insimbi encibilikisiwe ewumphumela ibe isicwengwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufunayo futhi kukhishwe noma yikuphi ukungcola.
Lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe isicwengisisiwe, yenziwa ibe yizimo namafomu ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imigoqo, amashidi, amapuleti, namakhoyili. Lawa mafomu abe esethunyelwa kubahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali abawacubungulayo futhi bawenze abe imikhiqizo eqediwe yezimboni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezokwakha, ezezimoto, i-aerospace, nezokwelapha.
Kukhona nezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza insimbi engagqwali, okuhlanganisa i-powder metallurgy kanye ne-electroslag refining, esetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-alloys akhethekile anezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokukhiqiza, ikhwalithi nokuvumelana kwensimbi engagqwali kuncike kakhulu ebuchwephesheni nasekuhlangenwe nakho kwabahlinzeki bensimbi engenasici abathintekayo kule nqubo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nezinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi, njenge-spectroscopy kanye ne-X-ray fluorescence, kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukubunjwa okufiswayo nokuhlanzeka komkhiqizo wokugcina.
Sekukonke, inqubo yokwenza insimbi engagqwali iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kwemininingwane kuzo zonke izinyathelo. Ingxubevange ewumphumela inikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, nokukhanga kobuhle, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okudumile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene.
Liyini ikusasa lensimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali iyinto etholakala yonke indawo esetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi, okuhlanganisa ezokwakha, ezezimoto, i-aerospace, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Njengoba isidingo sezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside, ezimelana nokugqwala, nezibukekayo ziqhubeka zikhula, ikusasa lensimbi engagqwali libukeka liqhakazile.
Enye indawo yokukhula kwensimbi engagqwali isembonini yezimoto, lapho isisetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezingasindi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Ukwengeza, ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwezimoto zikagesi kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuphule isidingo sensimbi engagqwali ngenxa yokuhamba kahle kukagesi.
Embonini yezokwakha, insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-facade, uphahla, nokufakwa ngaphakathi ngenxa yokuqina kwayo nokukhanga kobuhle. Iphinde isetshenziselwe izinhlelo zokwakha ezisimeme, njengamapaneli elanga nophahla oluluhlaza, ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwawo kanye nekhono lokumelana nezimo zezulu ezinzima.
Embonini yezokunakekelwa kwempilo, insimbi engagqwali iyimpahla ekhethwayo yemishini yezokwelapha kanye nemishini ngenxa yokuvumelana kwayo kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlanzeka kalula. Ngokukhula kwabantu kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwamabanga amasha ensimbi engagqwali enezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe, njengamandla akhulayo nokumelana nokugqwala, nakho kuqhuba ukukhula embonini. Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali bahlala betshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze bakhe izinto ezintsha ezingahlangabezana nezidingo eziguqukayo zamakhasimende abo.
Sengiphetha, ikusasa lensimbi engagqwali libukeka lithembisa njengoba liqhubeka nokuba yimpahla ekhethwayo kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene. Ngokusungula nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, insimbi engagqwali izoqhubeka nokunikeza izixazululo ezinseleleni ezibhekene nezimboni namuhla nasesikhathini esizayo. Njengoba abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali beqhubeka nokusebenza ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende abo, amathuba okufakwa kwensimbi engagqwali awapheli.
Yiziphi izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali iyingxubevange yensimbi enemisebenzi eminingi futhi edumile esetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kusukela ezintweni zasendlini kuye kwezisetshenziswa ezimbonini. Yaziwa ngezindawo zayo eziyingqayizivele, eziyenza imelane kakhulu nokugqwala, amabala, nokulimala kokushisa, kanye nokuqina namandla ayo.
Enye yezinto ezibalulekile zensimbi engagqwali ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwe-chromium ku-alloy, eyakha ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide olwenziwayo ebusweni bensimbi oluyivikela ezicini zemvelo ezifana nomoya-mpilo nomswakama. Lokhu kwenza insimbi engagqwali ilungele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho ukugqwala kuwukukhathazeka, njengezimboni zasolwandle nezicubungula amakhemikhali.
Insimbi engagqwali futhi imelana kakhulu nokungcoliswa nokushintsha kombala. Lokhu kungenxa yokwakheka kwengxubevange, okuhlanganisa izakhi ezifana ne-nickel ne-molybdenum, ezivimbela insimbi ukuthi ingasabeli nama-asidi noma ezinye izinto ezingase zidale ukushintsha kombala noma ukungcola.
Ngaphezu kokugqwala nokumelana kwayo nokubola, insimbi engagqwali iphinde ibe nokumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, okuyenza ilungele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu ezinjengamahhavini ezimboni kanye neziko. Iphinde iqine kakhulu futhi iqine, inamandla aphezulu okudonsa kanye nokumelana nokuguga.
Ezinye izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali zihlanganisa ukuhleleka kwayo okuhle kakhulu nokusebenza kahle, okuvumela ukuba ibunjwe kalula futhi ibunjwe ibe amafomu nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Futhi ihlanzekile kakhulu, okwenza ilungele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini zezokwelapha nezokulungisa ukudla, lapho ukuhlanzeka nokukhucululwa kwendle kubalulekile.
Sekukonke, inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali iyenza into efiseleka kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa futhi bacwengisise i-alloy ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zezimboni ezihlukahlukene kanye nezicelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthandwa kwayo okuqhubekayo nempumelelo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali iyimpahla eguquguqukayo esetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya emishinini yezokwelapha. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zensimbi engagqwali, ngayinye enezakhiwo nezici ezihlukile.
Enye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zensimbi engagqwali i-Austenitic stainless steel, equkethe amazinga aphezulu e-chromium ne-nickel. Lolu hlobo lwensimbi alukwazi ukugqwala futhi luvame ukusetshenziswa emishinini yasekhishini, emishinini yezokwelapha, kanye namapayipi.
Olunye uhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali iFerritic insimbi engagqwali, eyakhiwe ngensimbi ne-chromium. Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lukazibuthe futhi lunezinga eliphansi lokumelana nokugqwala uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic.
Insimbi engagqwali ye-Martensitic ingolunye uhlobo olwakhiwe nge-chromium, i-carbon, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nickel. Inezinga eliphezulu lamandla futhi ivamise ukusetshenziswa emimese, isikelo, nezindwani zomoya.
I-Duplex insimbi engagqwali iyingxube yensimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic kanye neFerritic, enikeza ibhalansi yamandla nokumelana nokugqwala. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekucubunguleni amakhemikhali, uwoyela negesi, nasezisetshenziswa zasolwandle.
Insimbi engagqwali eqina kwemvula iwuhlobo oluphathwa ngokushisa ukuze lwandise amandla ayo. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-aerospace, njengezingxenye zendiza.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali banikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zezimboni ezihlukahlukene. Uhlobo ngalunye lwensimbi engagqwali lunezici zalo eziyingqayizivele kanye nezicelo. Ngokuqonda umehluko phakathi kwabo, abakhiqizi bangakhetha uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lwezidingo zabo ezithile.
Kafushane, izinhlobo ezihlukene zensimbi engagqwali zifaka i-Austenitic, i-Ferritic, i-Martensitic, i-Duplex, ne-Precipitation-hardening stainless steel. Uhlobo ngalunye lunikeza izakhiwo nezici eziyingqayizivele, okwenza insimbi engagqwali ibe yizinto ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali bangasiza abakhiqizi bakhethe uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lwensimbi engagqwali ezinhlelweni zabo zokusebenza ezithile, baqinisekise ukusebenza kahle nokuhlala isikhathi eside.
Yiziphi izimboni ezisebenzisa insimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali iyinto eguquguqukayo enezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzo zonke izimboni ezahlukahlukene. Inhlanganisela yayo eyingqayizivele yezakhiwo ezinjengokumelana nokugqwala, amandla, ukuqina, nokukhanga kobuhle kuyenza ibe yinto ethandwayo ezinhlelweni eziningi zezimboni.
Enye yezimboni eziyinhloko ezisebenzisa insimbi engagqwali imboni yokwakha, lapho isetshenziswa khona ekwakheni izakhiwo, amabhuloho nezinye izakhiwo. Amandla ensimbi engagqwali nokuqina kuyenza ifaneleke kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukugqwala kuwukukhathazeka.
Enye imboni esebenzisa insimbi engagqwali imboni yezimoto, lapho isetshenziselwa izingxenye ezifana ne-exhaust systems, trim, kanye nama-grille. Ukumelana nokugqwala nokushisa kwensimbi engagqwali kwenza kube ukukhetha okudumile kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
Imboni yezokwelapha iphinde ithembele kakhulu ensimbi engagqwali, esetshenziselwa amathuluzi okuhlinza, izigxivizo zezokwelapha, nezinto zokusebenza ezifana nezikena ze-MRI. I-biocompatibility yensimbi engagqwali, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nezakhiwo zokuvala inzalo kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
Imboni yokudla neziphuzo nayo isebenzisa insimbi engagqwali kakhulu ngenxa yezindawo zayo ezingasasebenzi nezingenabuthi. Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokusebenza ezifana nemishini yokucubungula ukudla, amathangi, nezinhlelo zamapayipi.
Ezinye izimboni ezisebenzisa insimbi engagqwali zihlanganisa imboni ye-aerospace, lapho isetshenziselwa izingxenye zezindiza, kanye nemboni yasolwandle, lapho isetshenziselwa izingxenye zezikebhe kanye nezinsimbi zikawoyela zasogwini.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali badlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinto zensimbi engagqwali zekhwalithi ephezulu kulezi zimboni. Ngokukhula kwesidingo sensimbi engagqwali ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali bahlala besungula izinto ezintsha ukuze banikeze izinto ezintsha nezithuthukisiwe ezinezakhiwo ezingcono nokusebenza.
Sengiphetha, insimbi engagqwali iyimpahla eguquguqukayo esetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimboni ezahlukahlukene ngenhlanganisela yayo eyingqayizivele yezakhiwo. Ngokukhula kwesidingo sezinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ikusasa lensimbi engagqwali libukeka lithembisa, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi liqhubeke libe yisinqumo esithandwayo ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene.
Insimbi engagqwali ishintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?
Insimbi engagqwali wuhlobo lwensimbi olusetshenziswe kabanzi iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Kusukela yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, insimbi engagqwali iye yaba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo mayelana nokwakheka, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ukwakhiwa kokuqala kwensimbi engagqwali kwakuhilela ukungeza i-chromium ensimbi ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala nokugqwala. Kamuva, ezinye izakhi ezifana ne-nickel, i-molybdenum, ne-nitrogen zengezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zayo. Lezi zengezo ziphumele ekuthuthukisweni kwamabanga ahlukene ensimbi engagqwali, ngalinye linezakhiwo ezihlukile nezindlela zokusebenza.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukwethulwa kwensimbi engagqwali eyi-duplex kwaguqula imboni. Insimbi engagqwali ye-Duplex iqukethe inhlanganisela elinganiselayo ye-austenite ne-ferrite, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla nokumelana nokugqwala. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kunikeze amandla izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha, njengasekukhiqizweni kukawoyela negesi nangaphesheya kwezilwandle.
Eminyakeni yamuva, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yathuthukisa nakakhulu izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-alloys asebenza kahle kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali ezingamelana nezimo ezibucayi ezifana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukucindezela okuphezulu, nezindawo ezinolaka.
Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali nakho kuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Manje isisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni, kusukela kwezokwakha kanye nezakhiwo kuya kumishini yezokwelapha kanye ne-aerospace. Embonini yezimoto, insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhipha umoya, amathangi kaphethiloli, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala nokuqina kwayo.
Sekukonke, insimbi engagqwali isihambe ibanga elide kusukela yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1900. Izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele nokuguquguquka kwayo kuyenze yakwazi ukuba yinto ebalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa, kulindeleke ukuthi insimbi engagqwali izoqhubeka nokuvela futhi ithole izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha esikhathini esizayo.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali badlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwensimbi engagqwali. Bahlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, kanye nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali yekhwalithi ephezulu. Ngokusekelwa abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali, abakhiqizi bangaqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka ngale nto ephawulekayo.
Ungakanani usayizi wemakethe wensimbi engagqwali?
Insimbi engagqwali iyinto esetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezokwakha, ezokuthutha, nezokukhiqiza. Ngokombiko weGrand View Research, usayizi wemakethe yensimbi engagqwali emhlabeni wonke wawulinganiselwa ku-USD 111.4 billion ngo-2020 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esiyinhlanganisela (CAGR) sika-6.3% ukusuka ngo-2021 kuya ku-2028. ukwanda kwesidingo sensimbi engagqwali kwezomnotho ezisathuthuka njengeChina, India, kanye neBrazil.
Ukukhula kwemakethe yensimbi engagqwali kungabangelwa yizici ezahlukahlukene njengokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali emkhakheni wokwakha wokwakha ama-facade, ukufulela, nokuvala, kanye nasemkhakheni wokukhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zezimoto, izinto zikagesi, kanye nemishini yezimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwesidingo sensimbi engagqwali embonini kawoyela negesi yamapayipi, amathangi okugcina, kanye nemishini yokumba nakho kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwemakethe.
Abahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali nabo bethula imikhiqizo emisha futhi emisha ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zezimboni ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, amamaki ensimbi engagqwali asebenza kahle kakhulu njenge-duplex ne-super duplex steel stainless steel ayathuthukiswa ukuze asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezinokhahlo ezifana nezinkundla zikawoyela negesi ezingasogwini kanye nezindawo zokucubungula amakhemikhali.
Kodwa-ke, imakethe yensimbi engagqwali ibhekene nezinselelo ezinjengokushintshashintsha kwezintengo zezinto zokusetshenziswa njenge-nickel ne-chromium, okuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zensimbi engagqwali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwezinto ezithatha indawo ezifana ne-aluminium ne-carbon fiber composite nakho kungaba yingozi ekukhuleni kwemakethe.
Sengiphetha, imakethe yensimbi engagqwali kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule eminyakeni ezayo, iqhutshwa ukwanda kwesidingo sensimbi engagqwali ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene kanye nokwethulwa kwemikhiqizo emisha nemisha ngabahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali. Kodwa-ke, imakethe iphinde ibhekane nezinselelo okudingeka zilungiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula okusimeme.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, insimbi engagqwali isiyinto ebalulekile emphakathini wanamuhla ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele kanye nokuhlukahluka. Kusukela yasungulwa okokuqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iye yaba nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene, intuthuko, nentuthuko. Ukusungulwa kwensimbi engagqwali kwaguqula imboni yokukhiqiza futhi kwavula indlela yokusetshenziswa okuningi obekungenakwenzeka ngezinye izinto.
Njengoba sesibonile, izakhiwo zensimbi engagqwali ziyenza ifaneleke kahle ezimbonini eziningi, ezihlanganisa ezokwakha, ezezimoto, ezokwelashwa, kanye ne-aerospace. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi engagqwali ezitholakala namuhla zivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile nakakhulu futhi zingamelana nezimo eziyinselele kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukukhathazeka kwezemvelo kwanda, amandla okuvuselela insimbi engagqwali abaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Insimbi engagqwali ingaphinda igaywe kabusha ngokungapheli ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izakhiwo zayo, ikwenze kube ukukhetha okuzinzile nokuvumelana nemvelo.
Usayizi wemakethe wensimbi engagqwali uyaqhubeka nokukhula njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kanye nesidingo sikhula. Ukuvela kwabahlinzeki bensimbi engagqwali kuye kwasiza ukwenza le nto ifinyeleleke kalula ezimbonini zabo bonke osayizi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zayo zingajatshulelwa yiwo wonke umuntu.
Kafushane, ukusungulwa kwensimbi engagqwali kube nomthelela omkhulu ezimpilweni zethu futhi kusazoqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo esikhathini esizayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nesayensi ithuthuka, singalindela kuphela inqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe emkhakheni wensimbi engagqwali, okwenza kube isikhathi esijabulisayo kubakhiqizi, abahlinzeki, kanye nabathengi ngokufanayo.
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